PPT Slide
Examples: denial of services
- 1990: US 800 service down (4 hours)
- 1991: Major cities lose phones (8 hours)
- 1992: Survey shows US losses at $4 billion
- 1993: Email overload attacks 80% effective
- 1994: Rolling blackouts shut down US
- 1995: Comp-U-Serve loses 40,000 Emails
"Most communications channels incorporate
some facilities designed to ensure availability
but ... not in the context of malicious attack"
U.S. National Research Council, 1991