What is intelligence?

Sources of intelligence

Types of intelligence

The Intelligence Cycle

Further Reading

Further Reading on Intelligence

[US] Defense Intelligence School Bibliography of Intelligence Literature: A Critical Guide and Annotated Bibliography of Open-Source Literature (Washington: 1985).
This -- hard to find -- work is the most comprehensive bibliography in the field. What follows below are our selections as the principal works in the field.

General Intelligence Matters

Ben-Israel, Isaac "Philosophy and Methodology of Intelligence: The Logic of the Estimate Process" Intelligence and National Security Vol 4 (October 1989), pp 660-718.

Betts, Richard K. "Strategic Intelligence Estimates: Let's Make Them Useful" Parameters Vol 10 (December 1980), pp 20-26.

Blair, Bruce G. & Steinbruner, John D. The Effects of Warning on Strategic Stability (Brookings Occasional Papers), Brookings Institute, 1990.

[US] Central Intelligence Agency A Consumer's Guide to Intelligence (CIA, PAS- 00039, February 1994).

Cimbala, Stephen J. (ed) Intelligence and Intelligence Policy in a Democratic Society (Dobbs Ferry, NY: Transnational, 1987).

Dearth, Douglas H. & Gooden, R. Thomas (eds) Strategic Intelligence: Theory and Application (second edition) (Washington: Defense Intelligence Agency, 1995).

Friedman, Richard S. "Open Source Intelligence" Parameters (Summer 1998) pp 159- 165.

Handel I. Michael War, Strategy, and Intelligence (London: Frank Cass, 1989).
----- (ed) Intelligence and Military Operations(London: Frank Cass, 1990).
----- (ed) Leaders and Intelligence (London: Frank Cass, 1989).
----- "The Study of Intelligence" Orbis Vol 26 (Winter 1983), pp 817-821.

Hopple, Gerald & Watson, Bruce (eds) The Military Intelligence Community (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1986).

Hilsman, Roger C. Strategic Intelligence and National Decisions (Glencoe: The Free Press, 1956).

Laqueur, Walter A World of Secrets: The Uses and Limits of Intelligence (New York: Basic Books, 1985).

Levite, Ariel Intelligence and Strategic Surprise (New York: Columbia University Press, 1987).

Maurer, Alfred C. et al (eds) Intelligence: Policy and Process (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1985).

Pfaltzgraf, Robert L. Jr et al (eds) Intelligence Policy and National Security (Hamden: Archon Books, 1981).

Platt, Washington Strategic Intelligence Production: Basic Principles (New York: Praeger, 1957).

Robertson, K.G. British and American Approaches to Intelligence (London: MacMillan, 1987).

Shulsky, Abram N. Silent Warfare: Understanding the World of Intelligence, 2nd Edition (Washington: Brassey's, 1993).

The History of Canadian Intelligence

Unfortunately, the literature on the history of Canadian intelligence is quite sparse. Also, much of what academics have written about "military intelligence" is actually about strategic intelligence -- rather than purely "military" intelligence. Nevertheless, a selection of works are now out there.

Unquestionably the biggest name in the academic study of intelligence in Canada is that of Wesley Wark, a professor of the University of Toronto who specializes in the history of intelligence. He is currently working on a history of intelligence in Canada.

Anderson, Scott "The Evolution of the Canadian Intelligence Establishment, 1945-1950" Intelligence and National Security Vol 9 No 3 (July 1994) pp 448-471.
This informative article captures the history of the early post-war establishment of institutionalized strategic intelligence organizations in Ottawa. It does not specifically address the operational levels of military intelligence within Canadian forces.

Bryden, John Best-kept Secret: Canadian Secret Intelligence in the Second World War (Toronto: Lester Publ, 1993).
This excellent book is primarily a history of the development of a Canadian contribution to the Allied SIGINT effort in World War II, and from that beginning the evolution of the modern CSE.

Elliot, S.R. Scarlet to Green: A History of Intelligence in the Canadian Army 1903-1963 Canadian Intelligence and Security Association, 1981.
This weighty tome (over 500 pp) is an institutional history of the intelligence function within the Canadian Army over the period 1903-1963. It contains almost no interpretation or analysis, but does form an invaluable reference work as the establishment, organization and activities of every military intelligence unit is documented.

Robinson, Bill "The Fall and Rise of Cryptoanalysis in Canada" Cryptologia (January 1992).
An excellent study of the Second World War origins and rise of CSE.

Sawatsky, John Gouzenko: The Untold Story, 1984.
A popular history of the Gouzenko affair and the effect it had on spurring the development of a Cold War intelligence effort in Canada.

Stafford, David Camp X (Toronto) 1986.
A popular history of the espionage training facility developed in Canada during the Second World War by Sir William Stephenson, the "Man called Intrepid."

Hahn, J.E. The Intelligence Service Within the Canadian Corps, 1914-1918 (Toronto: Macmillan, 1930).
I history of the establishment, organization, and employment of the intelligence organization within the Canadian Corps in the First World War.

Wark, Wesley K. "The Evolution of Military Intelligence in Canada" Armed Forces and Society Vol 16 No 1 Fall 1989, pp 77-98.
This is an excellent and well documented overview history, albeit of strategic intelligence rather than "military intelligence."

General Intelligence History

Alvarez, David J.(Editor), Allied and Axis Signals Intelligence in World War II (Cass Series--Studies in Intelligence), Frank Cass & Co, 1999.

Ambrose, Stephen E. Ike's Spies: Eisenhower and the Espionage Establishment (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1981).

Bath, Alan Harris Tracking the Axis Enemy : The Triumph of Anglo-American Naval Intelligence (Modern War Studies) University Press of Kansas, 1998.

Bennett, Ralph Ultra in the West (London: Hutchinson, 1979)
----- Ultra and Mediterranean Strategy (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1988)

Beesly, Patrick Room 40: British Naval Intelligence 1914-1918 (New York: Harcourt Brace & Jovanich, 1982).
----- Very Special Intelligence: The Story of the Admiralty's Operational Intelligence Center, 1939-1945 (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1977).

Christopher, Andrew Her Majesty's British Intelligence Secret Service: The Making of a Community (New York: Viking Penguin, 1986).

Fergusson, Thomas G. British Military Intelligence, 1870-1914 Greenwood Publishing Group, 1984.

Howard, Michael British Intelligence in the Second World War: Strategic Deception (London: HMSO, 1990).

Jones, R.V. The Wizard War: British Scientific Intelligence, 1939-1945 (New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, 1978).

Kahn, David Hitler's Spies: German Military Intelligence in World War II (New York: MacMillan, 1978).

Layton, Edwin T. And I Was There: Pearl Harbor and Midway - Breaking the Secrets (New York: William Morrow, 1985).

Lewin, Ronald Ultra Goes to War (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978).

Masterman, J.C. The Double Cross System (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1972).

McLachlan, Donald Room 39: A Study in Naval Intelligence (New York: Atheneum, 1968).

Sawyer, Ralph D. Mei-Chun Sawyer, The Tao of Spycraft : Intelligence Theory and Practice in Traditional China Westview Press, 1998.

Journals of Note

Intelligence and National Security
This is perhaps the premier journal in the field. It is published by the well-regarded Frank Cass scholarly publishing house in Great Britain.

Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin
This is the professional journal of the US Army's Military Intelligence Branch. It contains numerous articles on military intelligence matters, most concerning a somewhat technical specialization on the specifics of purely "military" intelligence at the tactical and operational levels.

American Intelligence Journal
This is the publication of the American National Military Intelligence Association, based in Washington DC. It is essentially a professional lobby group of retired US intelligence community personnel.