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Subject: [iwar] [fc:Chronology.of.CBW.Attacks.Targeting.Crops.&.Livestock.1915-2000]
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From the CDC...
Agro-terrorism:
Chronology of CBW Attacks Targeting Crops & Livestock
1915-2000
Attack Summary Tables ChronologyThis list includes allegations and
threats, along with confirmed incidents of deliberate use of
chemical/biological weapons to destroy pre-harvest crops or livestock, in
order to cause economic damage.
Key:
€ Chemical
€ Biological
[S] = State Actor
[NS] = Non-State Actor [L] = Livestock
[C] = Crop
€ [S-L,C] 1915-1917 / Argentina, Mesopotamia, Norway, Romania, USA
The German secret service mounted a covert biological campaign during WWI,
using glanders and anthrax to infect draft animals, horses and mules to be
used by the Allies for the war effort in Europe. It also appears that the
Germans attempted to use a wheat fungus.1
See Germany's CBW Programs
€ [S-C] 1943 / Isle of Wight, UK
Richard Ford, a prominent British naturalist, has made the accusation that
Germany dropped Colorado Potato Beetles on the UK during WWII, accounting
for their unusual appearance in parts of the UK. According to Ford the bombs
were made of cardboard and contained fifty to a hundred beetles. The attack
was kept secret by the government to avoid public alarm. More recently,
Benjamin Garrett disputed Ford's claim, stating that although Germany's
Potato Beetle Research Institute did undertake experimentation on offensive
capabilities against England, "there is scant evidence to suggest the
Colorado potato beetle ever made it into battle." It is Garrett's view that
the insect's mysterious appearance in England resulted from accidental
introduction, probably via food shipments, and the German program was
initially a defensive program established in response to Allied biological
weapons research.2
€ [S-C] 1950 / East Germany
In a Ministry of Forestry report dated June 15, 1950, the East German
government accused the United States of scattering Colorado Potato beetles
over potato crops in May and June of 1950.3
See United States CBW Programs
€ [S-C] 1952 / Korea
U.S. forces used anti-plant chemical agents on a limited scale during the
last year of the Korean War.4
€ [NS-L] 1952 / Kenya
The Mau Mau, a nationalist liberation movement, poisoned 33 steers at a
British mission station, using what is believed to be a local toxic plant
known as "African milk bush."5
€ [S-C] 1962-1970 / Vietnam
In its fight against North Vietnam and their guerilla clients in the South,
the U.S. military used four types of air-sprayed herbicides, including Agent
Orange, for the purpose of defoliation and crop destruction to deprive the
enemy of food and places to hide.6
€ [S-C, L] 1962-1997 / Cuba
Cuba has accused the U.S. of attacking Cuban crops or livestock on as many
as 21 different occasions. According to Raymond Zilinskas, of the few
incidents for which information is available, agents include: Newcastle
Disease (1962), African Swine Fever (1971, 1979-80), Tobacco Blue Mold
Disease (1979-80), Sugarcane Rust Disease (1978), and Thrips insect
infestation (1997). Only in the case of the Thrips did Cuba make a formal
complaint. According to the Cuban account, the U.S. flew a crop duster
operated by the State Department over Cuba and released the insects. The
U.S. has denied the allegation, and while U.S. agriculture experts discount
Cuban claims, the United Nations has undertaken an investigation. According
to Zilinskas, the most likely explanation for all these incidents was nature
or accidental human transmittal through commerce.7
See United States CBW Programs
€ [NS-L] March 9, 1970 / Ashville, Alabama USA
It is alleged that the water supply of a 1,000-acre farm owned and operated
by a group of Black Muslims was poisoned, resulting in the death of 30 cows.
According to the manager of the farm, the poison appeared as a pinkish-white
material found on and around rocks in the stream, and was identified by a
local veterinarian as cyanide. Reports indicate that local the Klu Klux Klan
(white supremacist group) might have been responsible.8
€ [S-C] May 1970 / Angola
On July 21, 1970 the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola issued a
statement accusing Portugal of conducting anti-crop operations in eastern
Angola. Alleged eye-witness accounts state that five Portuguese C-47
aircraft sprayed anti-plant chemical over fields of cassava and sweet potato
crops. This led to a U.N. resolution adopted December 14, 1970 calling upon
Portugal to not use chemical or biological weapons against the people of
Angola, Mozambique and Guinea Bissau. The Stockholm International Peace
Research Institute reports that the The New York Times reported on December
9, 1970 that investigating U.S. diplomats in Angola had found indications
Portuguese authorities had used anti-plant chemicals against insurgent food
crops. In response to queries, the U.S. State Department denied the
newspaper's story, but it is understood that the denial referred to the
conclusiveness of the indications. The anti-plant agents allegedly used were
reported as standard agricultural chemicals.9
€ [NS-C] 1977 / Uganda
A Kenyan newspaper reported that opponents of the Amin regime threatened to
poison Uganda's coffee and tea crops in order to deny the government foreign
exchange.10
€ [S-L] 1982-1984 / Afghanistan
Ken Alibek, First Deputy Chief of Biopreparat, alleges he was informed by a
senior Soviet military officer that the Soviet Union attacked the Afghan
mujaheddin with glanders on at least one occasion. According to Alibek this
would have the dual effect of sickening the mujaheddin and killing their
horses, their main mode of transportation11
See Russia's CBW Programs
€ [NS-C] 1983-1987 / Sri Lanka
Sometime from 1983-87, a Tamil militant group threatened to use biological
agents against Sinhalese and crops in Sri Lanka. The communiqué threatened
to introduce foreign diseases into the local tea crop and to use Leaf Curl
to infect rubber trees.12
€ [NS-L] January 16, 1984 / Queensland, Australia
Queensland's State Premier received a letter threatening to infect wild pigs
with foot-and-mouth disease, which was feared might spread to cattle and
sheep, unless prison reforms were implemented within twelve weeks.
Ultimately, this incident proved to be a hoax as the perpetrator turned out
to be a 37-year old murderer serving a life sentence in a local jail. In
December of 1984, Queensland's premier received a similar letter from an
unidentified individual13
€ [S-C] 1996 / Florida, USA
A Florida university professor informed the CIA that a Florida citrus canker
outbreak was the result of a Cuban biological weapons program. Although the
CIA could not substantiate the claim, it did investigate the case. During
that same time period, Cuba claimed that an outbreak of Thrips Palmi disease
on the island was biological warfare introduced by the United States.14
€ [NS-L] January 1996-May 1998 / China
Sometime between early 1996 and May 1998, a farmer in China used rat poison
to kill four of his neighbors and 12 of their water buffaloes. The farmer
was apparently jealous of his neighbors because they were "better-off" than
he. Locals mistook the poisonings for an outbreak of mad-cow disease,
causing a panic.15
€ [NS-L] December 1996 / Berlin, Wisconsin, USA
The police chief of Berlin, Wisconsin. received an anonymous letter in late
December claiming that feed products at National By-Products Inc. had been
tainted with a pesticide and that the police should expect "large scale
animal mortality.² National By-Products is a supplier for the Purina Mills
animal feed plant in Fond du Lac, Wis. Purina feed was tested and found to
contain low levels of contamination (one or two parts per million) on
January 2, 1997. The following day, Purina stopped shipment on 300 tons of
feed bound for eastern and southern Wisconsin, as well as Illinois, Iowa,
and Michigan. Officials from The Wisconsin Dept. of Agriculture, Trade, and
Consumer Protection announced that tallow at National By-Products Inc. had
been deliberately contaminated with chlordane, a pesticide used to kill
termites and linked to cancer in humans. On September 14, 1999, Brian W.
"Skip" Lea, 47, was indicted for product tampering, revealing that he had
twice contaminated the plant's materials. Lea owned a rival milk ranch, dead
livestock removal company, and animal food processing facility16
€ [NS-C] October 22, 1997 / Bethlehem, Israel
Palestinian news sources reported that Israeli settlers from Gosh Etzion
sprayed a chemical on Arab grape farms in the Ertas and Khader villages
south of Bethlehem. It is estimated that the Israelis ruined hundreds of
grapevine trees and up to 17,000 metric tons of grapes.17
€ [NS-C] June 1, 2000 / West Bank, Israel
Palestinian news sources reported that Israeli settlers from the Efrat
settlement on the West Bank, Israel, had deliberately released sewer water
into agricultural fields maintained by Palestinian settlers in the village
of Khadder, near Bethlehem, Israel. According to local farmers, the release
of the waste water was part of an annual tradition designed to force the
Palestinian farmers off of their land. If the farmers were forced to leave,
the Israeli settlers could annex the areas. Farmers had estimated their
losses to be approximately 5,000 dollars.18
1. Abram S. Benenson, ed., Control of Communicable Diseases Manual,
sixteenth edition (Washington, DC: American Public Health Association,
1995), 301; Jules Witcover, Sabotage at Black Tom: Imperial Germany's Secret
War in America, 1914-1917 (Chapel Hill, North Carolina: Algonquin Books of
Chapel Hill, 1989), 92; W. Reginald Hall and Amos J. Peaslee, Three Wars
with Germany (NY: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1944), 85-88; Martin Hugh-Jones,
"Wickham Steed and German Biological Warfare Research," Intelligence and
National Security, 7:4 (1992), 379-402; Andrew G. Robertson, "From Asps to
Allegations: Biological Warfare in History," Military Medicine, August 1995,
370-371. Citations above obtained from W. Seth Carus, Bioterrorism and
Biocrimes: The Illicit Use of Biological Agents in the 20th Century, Working
Paper (Center for Counterproliferation Research, National Defense
University, August 1998/July 1999 revision), 87-89.
2. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, The Problem of
Chemical and Biological Warfare, Vol. I (NY: Humanities Press, 1971), 223;
Benjamin C. Garrett, "The Colorado Potato Beetle Goes to War," The Monitor:
Nonproliferation, Demilitarization, and Arms Control (Sept. 1996), 2-3
(http://www.uga.edu/cits/monitor/4-96.pdf).
3. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, The Problem of
Chemical and Biological Warfare, Vol. I (NY: Humanities Press, 1971), 224.
4. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, The Problem of
Chemical and Biological Warfare, Vol. I (NY: Humanities Press, 1971), 163
(footnote 27).
5. P.W. Thorold, "Suspected Malicious Poisoning," Journal of the South
African Veterinary Medical Association, 24 (December 1953), 215-217; Julia
F. Morton, "Poisonous and Injurious Higher Plants and Fungi," in C.C.
Tedeschi, William G. Eckert, and Luke G. Tedeschi, eds., Forensic Medicine:
A study in trauma and environment, Volume III: Environmental Hazards
(Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1977), 1504; Bernard Verdcourt and E.C. Trump,
Common Poisonous Plants of East Africa (London: Collins, 1969), 62;
Wunyabari O. Maloba, Mau Mau and Kenya: An Analysis of a Peasant Revolt
(Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993); Robert B. Edgerton, Mau Mau:
An African Crucible (New York: Free Press, 1989). Citations above obtained
from W. Seth Carus, Bioterrorism and Biocrimes: The Illicit Use of
Biological Agents in the 20th Century, Working Paper (Center for
Counterproliferation Research, National Defense University, August 1998/July
1999 revision), 80-81.
6. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, The Problem of
Chemical and Biological Warfare, Vol. I (NY: Humanities Press, 1971),
162-85; National Institute for Science Education, "Agent Orange Revisited,"
The Why Files (http://whyfiles.news.wisc.edu/025chem_weap/dioxin.html);
"Chemical and Biological Warfare in Southeast Asia: Environmental Damage
from Herbicidal Warfare in Vietnam," Calif. Polytechnic San Luis Obispo CBW
Page (http://www.calpoly.edu/~drjones/Vietnam2.html#HERB).
7. Raymond Zilinskas, "Cuban Allegations of Biological Warfare by the
United States: Assessing the Evidence," Critical Reviews in Microbiology,
25:3 (1999), 173-227.
8. "Poison is Suspected in Death of 30 Cows on a Muslim Farm," The New York
Times, March 16, 1970, p. 30; James Wooton, "Black Muslims Would Sell Farm
to Klan," The New York Times, March 17, 1970, p. 32; "Wallace Seeking More
Policemen," The New York Times, December 12, 1971, p. 50.
9. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, The Problem of
Chemical and Biological Warfare, Vol. I (NY: Humanities Press, 1971), 211.
10. Ron Purver, Chemical and Biological Terrorism: The Threat According to
Open Literature, (Canadian Security Intelligence Service, June 1995), 82
(http://www.csis-scrs.gc.ca/eng/miscdocs/tabintre.html). Purver cites Kellet
(1988), 57.
11. Kenneth Alibek with Stephen Handelman, Biohazard (NY: Random House,
1999), 268-269; Kenneth Alibek, "The Soviet Union's Anti-Agricultural
Biological Weapons," Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 894 (1999),
18-19.
12. M.R. Narayan Swamy, Tigers of Lanka, From Boys to Guerrillas, (Delhi:
Konark Publishers, 1994); Dagmar Hellmann-Rajanayagam, The Tamil Tigers:
Armed Struggle for Identity, (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1994); Edgar
O'Balance, The Cyanide War: Tamil Insurrection in Sri Lanka 1973-88,
(Washington: Brassey's U.K., 1989); Rohan Gunaratna, War and Peace in Sri
Lanka, (Sri Lanka: Institute of Fundamental Studies, 1987), 51-52; Citations
above obtained from W. Seth Carus, Bioterrorism and Biocrimes: The Illicit
Use of Biological Agents in the 20th Century, Working Paper (Center for
Counterproliferation Research, National Defense University, August 1998/July
1999 revision), 174-175.
13. Tony Duboudin, "Australian livestock threatened," The Times (London),
January 21, 1984, 5; Tony Duboudin, "Murderer in court over virus threat,"
The Times (London), February 22, 1984, 5. Citation above obtained from W.
Seth Carus, Bioterrorism and Biocrimes: The Illicit Use of Biological Agents
in the 20th Century, Working Paper (Center for Counterproliferation
Research, National Defense University, August 1998/July 1999 revision),
171-172.
14. Robert Windrem, "U.S. to launch war on 'agro-terror,'" NBC
News/MSNBC.com, September 22, 1999 ( http://www.msnbc.com/news/314627.asp).
15. "The Poisoned World-1998," University Sains Malaysia (1998)
(http://prn.usm.my/diary/text298.html).
16. Richard P. Jones, "Product Recalled in Four States; Animal Feed Tainted
in Act of Sabotage," Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, January 4, 1997, p. 1; "MDA
Investigates Possible Feed Contamination," PR Newswire, January 6, 1997;
Nicholas J. Neher, "Food Terrorism: The Need for a Coordinated Response--The
Wisconsin Experience," Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and
Consumer Protection; Gretchen Schuldt, "Man indicted on charges of tainting
animal feed Berlin plant contaminated with toxic pesticide in 1996,"
Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, September 15, 1999, p. 1.
17. Shabatai Zvi (translator), "Israeli Settlers Destroy 17,000 Tons of
Grapes," Al-Ayyam, October 23, 1997
(http://www.hebron.com/article04-10-23-97.html).
18. "Settlers pump sewerage water into Palestinian groves," Palestine
Information Network, June 21, 2000
(http://www.palestine-info.net/daily_news/prev_edtions/2000/June2000/21June.
htm#9).
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