[iwar] [fc:MILITARY.INTELLIGENCE.by.John.Patrick.Finnegan.is.now.available.online]

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Date: 2001-12-23 06:38:04
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MILITARY INTELLIGENCE by John Patrick Finnegan is now available online
(Chapters 1-11) at the US Army Center for Military History.  I've read the
hard copy and think it's well worth the look.

<a href="http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/Lineage/MI/mi-fm.htm">http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/Lineage/MI/mi-fm.htm>

Rick Eaton

---------------------------------------
ARMY LINEAGE SERIES

MILITARY INTELLIGENCE
John Patrick Finnegan

Lineages Compiled by
Romana Danysh

Center of Military History
United States Army
Washington, D. C., 1998


----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Finnegan, John Patrick.
Military intelligence / John Patrick Finnegan : lineages compiled by Romana
Danysh.
p. cm. - (Army lineage series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Military intelligence-United States-History 2. United States.
Army-History. I. Danysh, Romana, 1940- . II. Title. III. Series.
UB256.U6F56 1997
355.3'432'0973-dc21
96-44554
CIP


CMH Pub 60-13


----------------------------------------------------------------------------
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For sale by the U.S. Government Printing Office
Superintendent of Documents, Mail Stop: SSOP, Washington, DC 20402-9328
ISBN 0-16-048828-1


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----

ARMY LINEAGE SERIES

Jeffrey J. Clarke, General Editor

Advisory Committee
(As of 24 October 1997)

Joseph T. Glatthaar
University of Houston  Michael J. Kurtz
National Archives
Edward W Arnold
Office of the Deputy
Chief of Staff for Personnel  Col. Jerry D. Morelock
U.S. Army Command and
General Staff College
Raymond Callahan
University of Delaware  Carol A. Reardon
Pennsylvania State University
Maj. Gen. James J. Cravens, Jr.
U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command  Col. Everett L. Roper, Jr,
U.S. Army War College
Lt. Col. Carlo D'Este
U.S. Army Retired  John Shy
University of Michigan
Col. Robert A. Doughty
U.S. Military Academy  Mark A. Stoler
University of Vermont
George C. Herring
University of Kentucky  Gerhard L. Weinberg
University of North Carolina

U.S. Army Center of Military History
Brig. Gen. John W Mountcastle, Chief of Military History

Chief Historian  Jeffrey J. Clarke
Chief, Field Programs and Historical Services Division  John T. Greenwood
Editor in Chief  John W Elsberg

Foreword
Intelligence has been defined as the art of "knowing one's enemies," and
military intelligence is as old as war itself. However, the development of
an intelligence organization within the United States Army is comparatively
recent. The Army did not acquire a permanent peacetime intelligence
organization until 1885, and the oldest of today's military intelligence
units can trace its lineage only back to the eve of World War II. The Army
did not formally recognize intelligence as a distinct professional
discipline until 1962, when it finally created the Army Intelligence and
Security Branch, the predecessor of today's Military Intelligence Branch.
The Military Intelligence Corps, which incorporated all military
intelligence personnel and units into a single large regiment, did not come
into existence until 1987.

Although the intelligence organization within the U.S. Army was slow to
develop, it has become increasingly important both as a combat multiplier in
war and as a source of information for the nation's decision makers in
peace. As the nation and its Army move into an information age, military
intelligence will assume an even greater significance.

To tell the military intelligence story in as much detail as security
regulations currently in force allow, the U.S. Army Center of Military
History has worked in collaboration with the U.S. Army Intelligence and
Security Command (INSCOM) to produce this volume of the Army Lineage Series.
It is intended both to bring a relatively unknown part of the Army heritage
to the attention of the general public and to foster unit esprit de corps
among the thousands of military intelligence specialists now serving in the
ranks of America's Army

ROBERT W NOONAN, Jr.
Major General, USA
Commanding
U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command


JOHN W MOUNTCASTLE
Brigadier General, USA
Chief of Military History


The Authors
John Patrick Finnegan graduated magna cum laude from Boston College in 1957
with an A.B, in English Literature. After a period of civilian employment
with the National Security Agency and military service in the U.S, Army
Counter Intelligence Corps, he went on to receive a Ph.D. in Twentieth
Century American History from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Before
accepting his present position as historian with the U.S. Army Intelligence
and Security Command, Dr. Finnegan taught at several American universities
and at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, and worked as a military historian
at the U.S. Army Center of Military History. He is the author of Against the
Specter of a Dragon: The Campaign for American Military Preparedness,
1914-1917, Military Intelligence: A Picture History, and The Military
Intelligence Story: A Photo History, as well as coeditor of U.S. Army
Signals Intelligence in World War II: A Documentary History.

Romana Danysh graduated from Barnard College in 1962 and received her M.A.
degree in history from Stanford University in 1963. Since 1964 she has
served as a historian at the U.S. Army Center of Military History. Ms.
Danysh is coauthor of Infantry, Part I: Regular Army, a volume in the Army
Lineage Series.

Preface
This book attempts to present an organizational history of Military
Intelligence in the United States Army from its beginnings to the present.
It makes no pretense at discussing the operational aspects of intelligence
in detail, partially due to the continuing need to safeguard intelligence
sources and methods. Furthermore, the book focuses its attention on the Army
and necessarily slights the complex interrelationships between Army
intelligence and other organizations in the intelligence community. Finally,
although the book includes the lineages and heraldic items of military
intelligence brigades, groups, and battalions organized under tables of
organization and equipment (TOES), it does not cover the numerous
intelligence units, past and present, organized for one-of-a-kind missions
under tables of distribution and allowances (TDAs).

Preparation of this volume has been a collaborative effort between the U.S.
Army Center of Military History (CMH) and the U.S. Army Intelligence and
Security Command (INSCOM). John Patrick Finnegan, Military History Office,
INSCOM, wrote the narrative text. Romana Danysh, Organizational History
Branch, CMH, compiled the lineages.

Both authors owe large debts to numerous individuals. The idea of preparing
an organizational history was conceived by James L. Gilbert, INSCOM Command
Historian; Janice E. McKenney, Chief of the Organizational History Branch,
CMH, was instrumental in bringing about its publication as part of the Army
Lineage Series. The introductory text owes much to those who took the time
and trouble to compose unit histories, as well as to the former historians
of the U.S. Army Intelligence Center, the U.S. Army Security Agency, the
U.S. Army Intelligence Command, and the Office of the Assistant Chief of
Staff for Intelligence. Lt. Col. Marc Powe's thesis on the evolution of the
Military Intelligence Division from 1885 to 1917 served as a basic building
block for the monograph, as did Col. Bruce Bidwell's unpublished
eight-volume manuscript on the development of military intelligence from the
founding of the republic to 1953. The unpublished thirty-volume history of
the Counter Intelligence Corps which Maj. Ann Bray and others prepared in
the late 1950s also contained a

xii

wealth of information. Finally, preparation of the narrative would have been
impossible without the research assistance provided by the library and
archival staffs of the National Archives and Records Administration, the
U.S. Army Military History Institute, the Library of Congress, the National
Security Agency, the U.S. Army Cryptologic Records Center, the Pentagon
Library, and the Center of Military History.

Special thanks are due to the individuals who served on the panel that
reviewed and commented on the first draft of the narrative. These include
Brig. Gen. James L. Collins, U.S. Army (Retired), former Chief of Military
History; Romana Danysh, Morris J. MacGregor, Jr., Janice E. McKenney and
John B. Wilson of CMH; Dianne Putney of the U.S. Air Force History Office;
and Col. James W Dunn, U.S. Army (Retired), of the Corps of Engineers
History Office. Others who provided a valuable critique include David F
Trask and Robert K. Wright, Jr., of CMH-, Dean Allen of the Defense
Intelligence Agency History Office; Bruce Saunders, formerly with the
History Office, U.S. Army Intelligence Center and School; and Henry
Schorreck, formerly with the National Security Agency's History Office.
Jeffrey J. Clarke, the Army's present Chief Historian, devoted considerable
time and energy to polishing the final version of the manuscript. Over the
years, a succession of INSCOM commanders have encouraged the project of
compiling an organizational history, while former INSCOM Chief of Staff
Malcolm L. Hollingsworth provided steady support.

In addition to the narrative history, this volume features lineages and
heraldic data for 108 military intelligence units- 13 brigades, 10 groups,
and 85 battalions. They comprise all active and inactive Regular Army and
Army Reserve TOE units as well as all federally recognized Army National
Guard TOE units as of 30 June 1996. We did not include smaller units, such
as companies and detachments, because they are not authorized their own
heraldic items. However, former separate companies and detachments
perpetuated by brigades, groups, or battalions are covered in the relevant
lineages. No TDA units of any size are included because, in accordance with
longstanding Army policy, lineage and honors are determined for TOE units
only

The Organizational History Branch of CMH is responsible for determining and
publishing the official lineage and honors of Army units. The lineages in
this volume are the result of research done by many past and present members
of the branch, including John Finnegan. Romana Danysh prepared all the
lineages for publication and updated them to reflect significant
organizational changes, campaign participation credit, and unit decorations
through 30 June 1996.

Each lineage is adapted from the unit's official Lineage and Honors
Certificate, which outlines the history of the unit in a highly stylized
format and constitutes its birth certificate, its deed to organizational
properties, and verification of its service record. Although we have
compressed the lineage and honors data in this book to save space, the
information is the same as that on the certificates, which accounts for the
technical language used. The glossary at the

xiii

end of the volume will assist readers unfamiliar with lineage terms. The
parenthetical entries after each unit decoration refer to the general orders
announcing the awards.

Descriptions of coats of arms, shoulder sleeve insignia, and distinctive
unit insignia approved for the units appear with the lineages. These
descriptions as well as the color illustrations and the brief account of
heraldic items were furnished by The Institute of Heraldry (TIOH). The
authors are particularly grateful to Gerald T. Luchino, Thomas B. Proffitt,
Nuala Barry, and James M. Hammond for their expert assistance in providing
the heraldic material for this book. We also want to express our very
special thanks to the late Ronald E. Dudley, an alumnus of both TIOH and
CMH, who volunteered to type the heraldic data in the appropriate format for
publication. In some instances, the text relating to the heraldic items is
not as comprehensive as in the original letters of approval, amendment, or
redesignation sent to the units. Minor changes have been made to meet the
need for brevity

Although previous volumes in the Army Lineage Series had individual unit
bibliographies, the scarcity of open-source literature on military
intelligence units made such an approach impracticable. Very few histories
of intelligence units have been published, and historical reports submitted
by intelligence organizations generally have been classified. The files of
the INSCOM History Office contain information on selected units and
installations. Some intelligence histories are also included in the large
unit history collection maintained by the U.S. Army Military History
Institute at Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania. In addition, the Military
Intelligence Professional Bulletin, a quarterly publication of the U.S. Army
Intelligence Center and Fort Huachuca, regularly features thumbnail sketches
of various military intelligence units.

Photographic support for this volume was provided by T. Gardner, Sr., and
Robert J. Bills, contractors working for the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-6,
INSCOM. At CMH, John W Elsberg, Arthur S. Hardyman, Catherine A. Heerin,
Diane M. Donovan, the late Rae Panella, Joycelyn M. Canery and John
Birmingham all participated in the various aspects of producing the book.

As indicated, the efforts of a great many people contributed to the
production of this volume of the Army Lineage Series. However, any mistakes,
errors, or omissions are solely the responsibility of the authors.

JOHN PATRICK FINNEGAN
U.S. Army Intelligence and
Security Command

ROMANA DANYSH
U.S. Army Center of Military History

Contents
Introduction 3
1. The Beginnings 7
Military Intelligence in Place 12
Military Intelligence in the Twentieth Century 15
2. World War I 21
Van Deman and Military Intelligence 22
Intelligence Operations  24
The Corps of Intelligence Police 26
Expansion 27
The Military Intelligence Division 31
The American Expeditionary Forces in France 32
Communications Security in the AEF 37
Sideshows 38
Conclusion 39
3. Military Intelligence Between Wars 41
Military Intelligence at Peace 42
The "Black Chamber" and the Signal Intelligence Service 46
4. Military Intelligence in Crisis 51
1941: MID on the Brink 55
Counterintelligence Concerns 57
The Road to Pearl Harbor 58
5. World War II: Military Intelligence at the Center 61
The Reorganization of Military Intelligence 63
The ULTRA Breakthrough 68
The Counter Intelligence Corps 72

xvi

The Signal Security Agency 77
Communications Security 81
The Electronic Battlefield 82
Summation 83
6. World War II: Intelligence in the Field 85
Europe 86
The Pacific 93
Common Collectors 97
Conclusion 98
7. The Cold War and Korea 101
Restructuring Military Intelligence 102
Postwar Operations: Human Intelligence and Counterintelligence 105
The Army Security Agency 109
Postwar Military Intelligence: Deficiencies 111
Korea 113
Summation 118
8. From Korea to Vietnam 121
Military Intelligence at the Center: The 1950s 122
Reshaping the Tools 124
The Army Security Agency 127
Military Intelligence in the Field 130
Intelligence Support to the Theaters 133
The McNamara Revolution 136
The U.S. Army Intelligence Command and the U. S. Army Security Agency 138
The Army Intelligence and Security Branch 142
9. Vietnam and Beyond 145
Vietnam: Buildup and Deployment 146
The U.S. Army Intelligence Command and the Home Front 153
Beyond the Battle: Intelligence Trends in the 1960s 157
Westmoreland, McChristian, and Military Intelligence 159
Lean Years 161
A Time of Transition 165
10. Reorganization and Renewal 169
Remaking Military intelligence 169
The Intelligence Organization and Stationing Study: Solutions 171

xvii

New Directions for Military Intelligence: INSCOM 174
The Combat Electronic Warefare and Intelligence Concept 179
Military Intelligence in the Reserve Components 182
Military Intelligence in the 1980s 183
11. A Future of Uncertainties 187
Conclusion: The Shaping of Army Intelligence 190
Bibliography 197
Glossary 209

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